Recent headlines have highlighted a dramatic increase in ADHD diagnoses and referrals in the UK, sparking debate about whether the condition is truly becoming more common or if something else is at play. According to a major review led by King’s College London, the answer is clear: ADHD is not on the rise—awareness is.
The Research: No True Increase in ADHD Rates
The study examined 40 research projects across 17 countries and found no evidence that the actual rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has increased since 2020, despite a significant surge in people seeking help and longer waiting times for assessments. In the UK, about 3–4% of adults and 5% of children and young people are estimated to have ADHD. These figures have remained stable, yet only a fraction of those affected have ever received a formal diagnosis1.
So, why the sudden spike in demand for support? Researchers point to greater awareness and acceptance, rather than a true increase in cases. Social media discussions and the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic have played a role in encouraging more people to seek help, but they are not the root cause of the disorder itself.
The Reality of ADHD: More Than Just a Label
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects concentration, energy levels, impulsivity, and time management. It is not a behavioural disorder, a personality flaw, or a result of poor parenting—despite persistent myths to the contrary1. The condition is rooted in neurological differences, with notable structural and chemical changes in the brain affecting neurotransmitters like dopamine.
Yet, for decades, ADHD has been misunderstood and stigmatised. Outdated stereotypes—such as the idea that it only affects hyperactive young boys—have led to under-diagnosis, particularly among girls and adults. Many people with ADHD have learned to mask their symptoms, often internalising shame and struggling silently in work, education, and relationships1.
The Impact of Under-Diagnosis
The consequences of undiagnosed ADHD can be profound. Untreated, it is linked to higher risks of joblessness, depression, substance abuse, and even suicide. Many individuals with ADHD describe feeling exhausted by the effort required to manage everyday tasks, often blaming themselves for struggles that are beyond their control1.
Recent NHS England figures reveal nearly 2.5 million people in England may have ADHD, with over 550,000 currently waiting for an assessment. Every month, 20,000 more people are referred for support—a 13% rise compared to last year. The NHS has acknowledged that waiting times for assessment and diagnosis are “too long,” leaving many to seek private options.
Alex, a 32-year-old woman, told Healthwatch England that a private diagnosis finally gave her access to medication and strategies to manage her condition. “I just couldn’t cope with normal things or keep a routine. It made living exhausting,” she said. “I’m lucky I could afford going private, but I know many people can’t.”
The Need for Better Support and Understanding
Patient watchdog Healthwatch England has called for improved support, emphasising that a diagnosis can be life-changing. It helps individuals understand their challenges and access the tools they need to thrive. Henry Shelford of ADHD UK argues that increasing awareness and diagnosis is key to unlocking the potential of over 2 million people in the UK. “Doing so isn’t just good for the individual, it’s economically positive for the entire country.”
Experts like Prof Edmund Sonuga-Barke, an ADHD specialist at King’s College London, stress that while ADHD medications are safe and effective, there is a need for more non-drug treatments and therapies. This is especially important as concerns grow that too many people are being placed on medication without adequate alternatives.
Challenging Myths and Embracing Neurodiversity
Despite progress, misconceptions about ADHD persist. Many still believe it is an excuse for poor behaviour or a modern invention. In reality, ADHD is a legitimate, chronic neurological condition that has existed for centuries but is only now being recognised and understood.
The real disability, as described by leading psychiatrist Dr Edward Hallowell, is the belief that people with ADHD are “less than” or “can’t measure up.” With greater awareness, acceptance, and support, we can help individuals with ADHD reach their full potential and contribute meaningfully to society1.
In Summary
- ADHD rates have not increased—awareness and diagnosis have.
- Millions in the UK are affected, but many remain undiagnosed.
- Stigma and misunderstanding persist, but progress is being made.
- Better support, both medical and societal, is urgently needed.
The surge in ADHD diagnoses is not a sign of a new epidemic, but of a society finally beginning to recognise and address a long-neglected condition. It’s time to move beyond myths and embrace the reality of neurodiversity.
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