Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a long-term neurodevelopmental condition that can affect focus, behaviour, emotional regulation, and learning. Although ADHD is often associated with childhood, it is increasingly recognised in adults as well, particularly when symptoms begin to interfere with work, relationships, or everyday responsibilities.
ADHD does not present in the same way for everyone. In fact, it is generally grouped into three main types based on the pattern of symptoms a person experiences.
The Three Main Types of ADHD
ADHD is typically classified into the following presentations:
- Predominantly inattentive presentation
- Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation
- Combined presentation
Each type is defined by a different combination of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. While many individuals experience some overlap, the most dominant traits usually determine how ADHD affects daily functioning.
Predominantly Inattentive ADHD
This presentation is primarily associated with difficulties related to attention, organisation, and sustained mental effort.
Common characteristics may include:
- Becoming easily distracted
- Difficulty concentrating on tasks
- Forgetfulness in daily activities
- Challenges with organisation
- Frequently losing important items
- Struggling to follow instructions
- Avoiding tasks that require prolonged focus
Individuals with inattentive ADHD may appear quiet or disengaged rather than outwardly restless, which can sometimes delay recognition or diagnosis.
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD
This type of ADHD is mainly linked to increased activity levels and impulsive behaviour.
Common signs may include:
- Restlessness or constant movement
- Difficulty remaining seated
- Excessive talking
- Interrupting conversations
- Impatience when waiting
- Acting without considering consequences
- Difficulty engaging in quiet or calm activities
Although inattention may still be present, hyperactivity and impulsivity tend to be more noticeable in this presentation.
Combined Presentation ADHD
Combined ADHD involves a mixture of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Individuals with this type experience challenges with both concentration and activity regulation.
Symptoms often:
- Occur more frequently than expected for age
- Affect performance at work or school
- Interfere with relationships
- Impact social or daily functioning
It is worth noting that ADHD symptoms can change over time. As a result, how ADHD presents may shift throughout adolescence and adulthood.
Treatment Options for ADHD
Although ADHD cannot be cured, it can be effectively managed through a range of evidence-based approaches. Treatment plans often include a combination of therapies and lifestyle adjustments.
Behavioural and Psychological Therapies
Supportive interventions may include:
- Behavioural therapy
- Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
- ADHD coaching
- Family or relationship support
- Educational or workplace adjustments
These approaches can help individuals develop practical strategies for managing time, improving organisation, and regulating emotions.
Medication
Medication may also be recommended to help manage symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity. Options generally include:
- Stimulant medications
- Non-stimulant medications
These treatments can support improvements in focus, task completion, and impulse control when prescribed and monitored by a qualified healthcare professional.
Living With ADHD
ADHD is a lifelong condition for many people, but the right treatment plan can make a significant difference. Managing ADHD often involves ongoing adjustments to ensure that support strategies continue to meet an individual’s changing needs over time.
Working closely with a healthcare professional can help you identify the most effective combination of therapies and interventions for your specific presentation. With appropriate support in place, many individuals with ADHD are able to function successfully at work, in education, and in their personal lives.
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